crypto: implement crypto.hash()

This patch introduces a helper crypto.hash() that computes
a digest from the input at one shot. This can be 1.2-1.6x faster
than the object-based createHash() for smaller inputs (<= 5MB)
that are readily available (not streamed) and incur less memory
overhead since no intermediate objects will be created.

PR-URL: https://github.com/nodejs/node/pull/51044
Refs: https://github.com/nodejs/performance/issues/136
Reviewed-By: Vinícius Lourenço Claro Cardoso <contact@viniciusl.com.br>
Reviewed-By: Yagiz Nizipli <yagiz.nizipli@sentry.io>

benchmark/crypto/oneshot-hash.js

@@ -0,0 +1,42 @@
+'use strict';
+
+const common = require('../common.js');
+const { createHash, hash } = require('crypto');
+const path = require('path');
+const filepath = path.resolve(__dirname, '../../test/fixtures/snapshot/typescript.js');
+const fs = require('fs');
+const assert = require('assert');
+
+const bench = common.createBenchmark(main, {
+  length: [1000, 100_000],
+  method: ['md5', 'sha1', 'sha256'],
+  type: ['string', 'buffer'],
+  n: [100_000, 1000],
+}, {
+  combinationFilter: ({ length, n }) => {
+    return length * n <= 100_000 * 1000;
+  },
+});
+
+function main({ length, type, method, n }) {
+  let data = fs.readFileSync(filepath);
+  if (type === 'string') {
+    data = data.toString().slice(0, length);
+  } else {
+    data = Uint8Array.prototype.slice.call(data, 0, length);
+  }
+
+  const oneshotHash = hash ?
+    (method, input) => hash(method, input, 'hex') :
+    (method, input) => createHash(method).update(input).digest('hex');
+  const array = [];
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    array.push(null);
+  }
+  bench.start();
+  for (let i = 0; i < n; i++) {
+    array[i] = oneshotHash(method, data);
+  }
+  bench.end(n);
+  assert.strictEqual(typeof array[n - 1], 'string');
+}

doc/api/crypto.md

@@ -3510,6 +3510,67 @@ Computes the Diffie-Hellman secret based on a `privateKey` and a `publicKey`.
 Both keys must have the same `asymmetricKeyType`, which must be one of `'dh'`
 (for Diffie-Hellman), `'ec'` (for ECDH), `'x448'`, or `'x25519'` (for ECDH-ES).
 
+### `crypto.hash(algorith, data[, outputEncoding])`
+
+<!-- YAML
+added:
+ - REPLACEME
+-->
+
+* `algorithm` {string|undefined}
+* `data` {string|ArrayBuffer|Buffer|TypedArray|DataView} When `data` is a
+  string, it will be encoded as UTF-8 before being hashed. If a different
+  input encoding is desired for a string input, user could encode the string
+  into a `TypedArray` using either `TextEncoder` or `Buffer.from()` and passing
+  the encoded `TypedArray` into this API instead.
+* `outputEncoding` {string|undefined}  [Encoding][encoding] used to encode the
+  returned digest. **Default:** `'hex'`.
+* Returns: {string|Buffer}
+
+A utility for creating one-shot hash digests of data. It can be faster than
+the object-based `crypto.createHash()` when hashing a smaller amount of data
+(<= 5MB) that's readily available. If the data can be big or if it is streamed,
+it's still recommended to use `crypto.createHash()` instead.
+
+The `algorithm` is dependent on the available algorithms supported by the
+version of OpenSSL on the platform. Examples are `'sha256'`, `'sha512'`, etc.
+On recent releases of OpenSSL, `openssl list -digest-algorithms` will
+display the available digest algorithms.
+
+Example:
+
+```cjs
+const crypto = require('node:crypto');
+const { Buffer } = require('node:buffer');
+
+// Hashing a string and return the result as a hex-encoded string.
+const string = 'Node.js';
+// 10b3493287f831e81a438811a1ffba01f8cec4b7
+console.log(crypto.hash('sha1', string));
+
+// Encode a base64-encoded string into a Buffer, hash it and return
+// the result as a buffer.
+const base64 = 'Tm9kZS5qcw==';
+// <Buffer 10 b3 49 32 87 f8 31 e8 1a 43 88 11 a1 ff ba 01 f8 ce c4 b7>
+console.log(crypto.hash('sha1', Buffer.from(base64, 'base64'), 'buffer'));
+```
+
+```mjs
+import crypto from 'node:crypto';
+import { Buffer } from 'node:buffer';
+
+// Hashing a string and return the result as a hex-encoded string.
+const string = 'Node.js';
+// 10b3493287f831e81a438811a1ffba01f8cec4b7
+console.log(crypto.hash('sha1', string));
+
+// Encode a base64-encoded string into a Buffer, hash it and return
+// the result as a buffer.
+const base64 = 'Tm9kZS5qcw==';
+// <Buffer 10 b3 49 32 87 f8 31 e8 1a 43 88 11 a1 ff ba 01 f8 ce c4 b7>
+console.log(crypto.hash('sha1', Buffer.from(base64, 'base64'), 'buffer'));
+```
+
 ### `crypto.generateKey(type, options, callback)`
 
 <!-- YAML

lib/crypto.js

@@ -107,6 +107,7 @@ const {
 const {
   Hash,
   Hmac,
+  hash,
 } = require('internal/crypto/hash');
 const {
   X509Certificate,
@@ -219,6 +220,7 @@ module.exports = {
   getFips,
   setFips,
   verify: verifyOneShot,
+  hash,
 
   // Classes
   Certificate,

lib/internal/crypto/hash.js

@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 const {
   ObjectSetPrototypeOf,
   ReflectApply,
+  StringPrototypeToLowerCase,
   Symbol,
 } = primordials;
 
@@ -11,6 +12,7 @@ const {
   HashJob,
   Hmac: _Hmac,
   kCryptoJobAsync,
+  oneShotDigest,
 } = internalBinding('crypto');
 
 const {
@@ -29,6 +31,8 @@ const {
 
 const {
   lazyDOMException,
+  normalizeEncoding,
+  encodingsMap,
 } = require('internal/util');
 
 const {
@@ -40,6 +44,7 @@ const {
     ERR_CRYPTO_HASH_FINALIZED,
     ERR_CRYPTO_HASH_UPDATE_FAILED,
     ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE,
+    ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE,
   },
 } = require('internal/errors');
 
@@ -47,6 +52,7 @@ const {
   validateEncoding,
   validateString,
   validateUint32,
+  validateBuffer,
 } = require('internal/validators');
 
 const {
@@ -188,8 +194,33 @@ async function asyncDigest(algorithm, data) {
   throw lazyDOMException('Unrecognized algorithm name', 'NotSupportedError');
 }
 
+function hash(algorithm, input, outputEncoding = 'hex') {
+  validateString(algorithm, 'algorithm');
+  if (typeof input !== 'string') {
+    validateBuffer(input, 'input');
+  }
+  let normalized = outputEncoding;
+  // Fast case: if it's 'hex', we don't need to validate it further.
+  if (outputEncoding !== 'hex') {
+    validateString(outputEncoding, 'outputEncoding');
+    normalized = normalizeEncoding(outputEncoding);
+    // If the encoding is invalid, normalizeEncoding() returns undefined.
+    if (normalized === undefined) {
+      // normalizeEncoding() doesn't handle 'buffer'.
+      if (StringPrototypeToLowerCase(outputEncoding) === 'buffer') {
+        normalized = 'buffer';
+      } else {
+        throw new ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE('outputEncoding', outputEncoding);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+  return oneShotDigest(algorithm, getCachedHashId(algorithm), getHashCache(),
+                       input, normalized, encodingsMap[normalized]);
+}
+
 module.exports = {
   Hash,
   Hmac,
   asyncDigest,
+  hash,
 };

src/api/encoding.cc

@@ -109,6 +109,16 @@ enum encoding ParseEncoding(const char* encoding,
   return default_encoding;
 }
 
+enum encoding ParseEncoding(Isolate* isolate,
+                            Local<Value> encoding_v,
+                            Local<Value> encoding_id,
+                            enum encoding default_encoding) {
+  if (encoding_id->IsUint32()) {
+    return static_cast<enum encoding>(encoding_id.As<v8::Uint32>()->Value());
+  }
+
+  return ParseEncoding(isolate, encoding_v, default_encoding);
+}
 
 enum encoding ParseEncoding(Isolate* isolate,
                             Local<Value> encoding_v,

src/crypto/crypto_hash.cc

@@ -202,6 +202,71 @@ const EVP_MD* GetDigestImplementation(Environment* env,
 #endif
 }
 
+// crypto.digest(algorithm, algorithmId, algorithmCache,
+//               input, outputEncoding, outputEncodingId)
+void Hash::OneShotDigest(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
+  Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
+  Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
+  CHECK_EQ(args.Length(), 6);
+  CHECK(args[0]->IsString());                                  // algorithm
+  CHECK(args[1]->IsInt32());                                   // algorithmId
+  CHECK(args[2]->IsObject());                                  // algorithmCache
+  CHECK(args[3]->IsString() || args[3]->IsArrayBufferView());  // input
+  CHECK(args[4]->IsString());                                  // outputEncoding
+  CHECK(args[5]->IsUint32() || args[5]->IsUndefined());  // outputEncodingId
+
+  const EVP_MD* md = GetDigestImplementation(env, args[0], args[1], args[2]);
+  if (md == nullptr) {
+    Utf8Value method(isolate, args[0]);
+    std::string message =
+        "Digest method " + method.ToString() + " is not supported";
+    return ThrowCryptoError(env, ERR_get_error(), message.c_str());
+  }
+
+  enum encoding output_enc = ParseEncoding(isolate, args[4], args[5], HEX);
+
+  int md_len = EVP_MD_size(md);
+  unsigned int result_size;
+  ByteSource::Builder output(md_len);
+  int success;
+  // On smaller inputs, EVP_Digest() can be slower than the
+  // deprecated helpers e.g SHA256_XXX. The speedup may not
+  // be worth using deprecated APIs, however, so we use
+  // EVP_Digest(), unless there's a better alternative
+  // in the future.
+  // https://github.com/openssl/openssl/issues/19612
+  if (args[3]->IsString()) {
+    Utf8Value utf8(isolate, args[3]);
+    success = EVP_Digest(utf8.out(),
+                         utf8.length(),
+                         output.data<unsigned char>(),
+                         &result_size,
+                         md,
+                         nullptr);
+  } else {
+    ArrayBufferViewContents<unsigned char> input(args[3]);
+    success = EVP_Digest(input.data(),
+                         input.length(),
+                         output.data<unsigned char>(),
+                         &result_size,
+                         md,
+                         nullptr);
+  }
+  if (!success) {
+    return ThrowCryptoError(env, ERR_get_error());
+  }
+
+  Local<Value> error;
+  MaybeLocal<Value> rc = StringBytes::Encode(
+      env->isolate(), output.data<char>(), md_len, output_enc, &error);
+  if (rc.IsEmpty()) {
+    CHECK(!error.IsEmpty());
+    env->isolate()->ThrowException(error);
+    return;
+  }
+  args.GetReturnValue().Set(rc.FromMaybe(Local<Value>()));
+}
+
 void Hash::Initialize(Environment* env, Local<Object> target) {
   Isolate* isolate = env->isolate();
   Local<Context> context = env->context();
@@ -216,6 +281,7 @@ void Hash::Initialize(Environment* env, Local<Object> target) {
 
   SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "getHashes", GetHashes);
   SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "getCachedAliases", GetCachedAliases);
+  SetMethodNoSideEffect(context, target, "oneShotDigest", OneShotDigest);
 
   HashJob::Initialize(env, target);
 
@@ -229,6 +295,7 @@ void Hash::RegisterExternalReferences(ExternalReferenceRegistry* registry) {
   registry->Register(HashDigest);
   registry->Register(GetHashes);
   registry->Register(GetCachedAliases);
+  registry->Register(OneShotDigest);
 
   HashJob::RegisterExternalReferences(registry);
 
@@ -294,14 +361,17 @@ bool Hash::HashUpdate(const char* data, size_t len) {
 }
 
 void Hash::HashUpdate(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {
-  Decode<Hash>(args, [](Hash* hash, const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args,
+  Decode<Hash>(args,
-                        const char* data, size_t size) {
+               [](Hash* hash,
-    Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
+                  const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args,
-    if (UNLIKELY(size > INT_MAX))
+                  const char* data,
-      return THROW_ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE(env, "data is too long");
+                  size_t size) {
-    bool r = hash->HashUpdate(data, size);
+                 Environment* env = Environment::GetCurrent(args);
-    args.GetReturnValue().Set(r);
+                 if (UNLIKELY(size > INT_MAX))
-  });
+                   return THROW_ERR_OUT_OF_RANGE(env, "data is too long");
+                 bool r = hash->HashUpdate(data, size);
+                 args.GetReturnValue().Set(r);
+               });
 }
 
 void Hash::HashDigest(const FunctionCallbackInfo<Value>& args) {

src/crypto/crypto_hash.h

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ class Hash final : public BaseObject {
 
   static void GetHashes(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args);
   static void GetCachedAliases(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args);
+  static void OneShotDigest(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args);
 
  protected:
   static void New(const v8::FunctionCallbackInfo<v8::Value>& args);

src/node_internals.h

@@ -446,6 +446,10 @@ v8::HeapProfiler::HeapSnapshotOptions GetHeapSnapshotOptions(
     v8::Local<v8::Value> options);
 }  // namespace heap
 
+enum encoding ParseEncoding(v8::Isolate* isolate,
+                            v8::Local<v8::Value> encoding_v,
+                            v8::Local<v8::Value> encoding_id,
+                            enum encoding default_encoding);
 }  // namespace node
 
 #endif  // defined(NODE_WANT_INTERNALS) && NODE_WANT_INTERNALS

test/parallel/test-crypto-oneshot-hash.js

@@ -0,0 +1,43 @@
+'use strict';
+// This tests crypto.hash() works.
+const common = require('../common');
+
+if (!common.hasCrypto)
+  common.skip('missing crypto');
+
+const assert = require('assert');
+const crypto = require('crypto');
+const fixtures = require('../common/fixtures');
+const fs = require('fs');
+
+// Test errors for invalid arguments.
+[undefined, null, true, 1, () => {}, {}].forEach((invalid) => {
+  assert.throws(() => { crypto.hash(invalid, 'test'); }, { code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE' });
+});
+
+[undefined, null, true, 1, () => {}, {}].forEach((invalid) => {
+  assert.throws(() => { crypto.hash('sha1', invalid); }, { code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE' });
+});
+
+[null, true, 1, () => {}, {}].forEach((invalid) => {
+  assert.throws(() => { crypto.hash('sha1', 'test', invalid); }, { code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_TYPE' });
+});
+
+assert.throws(() => { crypto.hash('sha1', 'test', 'not an encoding'); }, { code: 'ERR_INVALID_ARG_VALUE' });
+
+// Test that the output of crypto.hash() is the same as crypto.createHash().
+const methods = crypto.getHashes();
+
+const input = fs.readFileSync(fixtures.path('utf8_test_text.txt'));
+
+for (const method of methods) {
+  for (const outputEncoding of ['buffer', 'hex', 'base64', undefined]) {
+    const oldDigest = crypto.createHash(method).update(input).digest(outputEncoding || 'hex');
+    const digestFromBuffer = crypto.hash(method, input, outputEncoding);
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(digestFromBuffer, oldDigest,
+                           `different result from ${method} with encoding ${outputEncoding}`);
+    const digestFromString = crypto.hash(method, input.toString(), outputEncoding);
+    assert.deepStrictEqual(digestFromString, oldDigest,
+                           `different result from ${method} with encoding ${outputEncoding}`);
+  }
+}